Criticized by many people, breast augmentation is a popular cosmetic surgery, that since the middle of the 1990s increased its popularity and the size of breasts in many women seeking enhancement in their appearance. Back in the late 1950s and early 1960s, this procedure consisted of novice injections that put the health of women at risk, and caused the death of several.

During the early stages of cosmetic surgery, implants were applied successfully for breast augmentation, but often caused allergic reactions, or major injuries, since they were made of silicone, a material made up of silice, a substance particularly novice and recognized as contributor for developing cancer. It was estimated that only in Canada, 150,000 women received an implant of this type during 1969.

With modern techniques, all those problems of the past have been corrected, and there are different alternatives to increase the size of a woman’s breast. Augmentation Mammaplasty, the technical term for breast augmentation, is a simple surgery performed in 1-2 hours, with general or local sedation, to minimize risks associated to anesthesia.

The procedure enhances the size of women’s breast using inflatable implants filled with an innocuos saline solution. The size of the implants can be changed at later time, and even completely removed with practically no risks. Patients can return to their jobs after a few days after the operation, although physical contact with the breasts is not recommended until 3 or 4 weeks.

Although, this type of breast augmentation is not considered a harmful procedure, the skin suffers from scars that fades after several months, but may take a year or more before reducing their visibility. As side effects, some patients may suffer change in nipple sensation, swelling, bruising, and temporary soreness.

Contrary to popular belief, stimulation does not decrease after breast augmentation, in fact breasts are more sensitive to stimulation for the few weeks after the surgical procedure. Augmentation Mammoplasty has been questioned due to the lack of implant permanence, a condition that is an advantage for some women, but could be a hassle for others.

Breast implants require surgical removal or replacement in case of deflation, bleeding, infection, or when scar tissue is formed around the implant. However, these risks commonly do not lead to death, as silicones did in past times. In very rare cases, patients have reported symptoms similar to immune disorders, that require immediate consultation with a qualified physician.

In some women, breast sensitivity is increased or decreased permanently, but patients agree that such inconvenient is nothing in comparison with self-confidence gained after surgery. Alternative to saline-filled implants, there are other silicone gel-filled, however, there is not enough information supporting their safety.

The Food & Drug Administration (FDA) recommend that such implants should be placed in women who previously participated in approved studies to prevent any health problem, but the risk is higher in cases of rupture or leakage. The health of women who undergo breast augmentation surgery is evaluated, explaining to them the different surgical techniques appropriated for each individual case.

Reduction mammaplasty is a surgical procedure commonly known as breast reduction, involving the adjustment of the size and shape of the breasts, reducing their dimension, although there are fewer women seeking this cosmetic surgery in comparison to those who want a breast augmentation.

Breast reduction surgery is more often performed on men afflicted by gynecomastia, an abnormal growth of male breasts, which causes remain uncertain, even when it is usually attributed to sex hormones imbalance. In women, breast reduction alleviate health problems caused for large, heavy breasts.

The bigger the breasts, the more weight that women carry, causing them breathing and circulation problems, as well as neck, back and shoulder pain. Even when tendency for exaggerated large breast became popular in recent years, many women feel discomfort and embarrassment with the natural size of their breasts, and make it difficult in finding the right-cup brassieres.

Breast reduction makes breasts smaller and firmer, reducing their weight, but also the size of the nipples and areola. After undergoing breast reduction surgery, patients of both sexes experience physical relief and self-confidence with breasts more proportional to the rest of women’s body, and almost imperceptible in men, as they should be.

Fashion trends designed for slim women, but regardless of their weight, a women with large breasts faces another problem, finding clothes that fit them well, although deciding on this surgery must include a number of considerations other than apparel. Candidates suitable for this cosmetic surgery are patients whose breasts are too large in proportion to their body frame

In addition, candidates are normally all those people experiencing dissatisfaction about the largeness of their heavy, pendulous breasts, often with their nipples and areolas pointing downward. Anyone who is self-consciousness of having one breast much larger than the other or skin irritation beneath their breasts, are also potential candidates for this surgery.

The pain caused by the weight of large breasts may cause restriction of physical activity due to discomfort, leading to overweight problems and obesity, that worsen the size and shape of breasts. Although there is no restriction in age for undergoing breast reduction surgery, it is recommended that women wait until their breast development has completed.

Pregnancy may cause different thoughts in women because it is well known the changes that breasts suffer during maternity, childbirth and breast-feeding. While some women may prefer undergoing breast reduction surgery before getting pregnant to address the upcoming breast changes, others prefer to wait until they are not going to have any more children to avoid wasting money and time.

Consultation with a plastic surgeon regarding breast-feeding and other pregnancy issues may help to clarify subsequent changes to breast size. Anyway, surgeons examine patients before they proceed and discuss with them all possible options to evaluate the best for each individual case.

Although, there are practically no risks in breast reduction, weight loss after surgery may result in less notorious results, or having smaller breasts that they expected. People who are enrolled in weight loss programs or planning to do it, should stabilize their weight before having breast reduction surgery.

Mentoplasty is the cosmetic surgical procedure for contouring the chin, providing harmonious balance to the face features. By reshaping the chin, individuals can enhance their appearance and improve their self-esteem. Disregarding their weight, most people accumulate water and fatty skin deposits in that area, creating the optical illusion of being overweight.

Depending on each individual, this procedure may be performed by applying implants for contour, or reduction surgery on the bone to change its shape and remove water and fat. The American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) has listed all the accredited physicians in this specialty certified by the American Board of Plastic Surgery (ABPS), a fact that guarantees a professionally performed operation.

This facial plastic surgery is also recommended for people who have undergone nose surgery and a partial face lift. After such procedures, balance of facial proportion is usually affected. When it comes to inserting an implant, the procedure takes about 30 minutes to an hour, and helps to minimize the impact of a new nose, or magnify its new beauty.

Chin surgery improves appearance, but patients need to be realistic about the results obtained after the procedure. Like occurs with other operations, good health is necessary to avoid risks and side effects. Size and shape of implants are chosen by the surgeon, who determines which is better to enhance your facial features.

Local or general anesthesia is administered to people undergoing chin surgery, since a small incision will be performed to insert the implants into a pocket created with a scalpel over the front of the jawbone. Implants are placed either in the skin under the chin area, or in lower lip area inside the mouth.

Chin surgery may cause swelling and discomfort, especially during the first week after the surgery, term after which sutures are removed with an intra-oral incision to dissolve them. Post-operative discomfort and pain is treated with medication, but generally patients are encouraged to swallow their foods instead of chewing them.

During recovery it is also usual to experience other difficulties, such as yawning, smiling, yelling or biting foods. Most patients are also affected by blue and black marks around the chin and neck, that disappear alone after a few days. Mouth difficulties include dental hygiene, so it is usual that surgeons recommend alternatives and post-operation restrictions and avoidance of rigorous activities.

Swelling will probably remain up to 6 weeks after surgery. When chin surgery is performed sculpting the bone, limitations are the same but the results are different. Surgeon can sculpt the chin bone directly, or reposition the facial bones through an incision made inside the mouth, resulting in a more pleasant and aesthetic chin size.

Surgery performed in the bone is also known as orthognathic surgery and the procedure takes up to 3 hours. Facial plastic surgeries, including chin surgery, are generally not covered by insurance, unless they are the result of traumatic injury after an accident, or caused by genetic deformity, but not for cosmetic reasons. Even then, reimbursement may be total or partial.

Along with the nose, ears are another of the facial features more prominent in an individual, particularly if their size or shape is different than those considered the standard. Although lobes surgery is a popular minor procedure, ear pinning surgery is more important for appearance enhancement and self-confidence.

Ear lobes are noticeable for the earrings that many women and men like to wear, but prominent ears are noticeable by themselves. Otoplasty is the surgical procedure intended for setting the ears back closer to patient’s head, commonly known as Ear pinning surgery. Size of large ears can also be removed through this procedure.

Although there is a considerable number of adults, both women and men, with large ears causing them embarrassment and social concerns, Ear pinning surgery is mostly performed in children under age 14. However, this procedure is not recommended for toddlers. Ears grow up to age 4, when they reach their full development, and a child becomes a candidate for undergoing Otoplasty.

Even when reshaping and/or decreasing the size and shape of the ear is possible, most surgeons recommend ear pinning surgery, which is limited to setting (pin) prominent ears closer to the head. In reshaping procedures, surgeon will determine with patients of children’s tutors if decreasing will be performed whether in the ear lobes, or the entire outer ear (auricle).

Ear pinning surgery may be performed under local or general anesthesia, particularly when patient are children, to prevent that their impatience can cause adverse results, despite the procedure usually involves a small incision at the back of the ear. However, it is a laborious operation that make take up to 3 hours.

Cartilage is resized or removed, to make it possible to pin the ear closer to the head. Depending on the patient, the surgeon may need to create a fold in the upper ear, when ears have any irregularity preventing the correct attachment. When ear pinning surgery is performed in children, insurance may accept this procedure as reconstructive surgery and cover total or partial expenses.

Ear pinning surgery is one of those procedures with a few or no risk or side effects other than those of the anesthesia in a few patients. After surgery, patients may suffer mild swelling, so it is usual that surgeons recommend wearing a hat, but more commonly wrapped with bandages, in which case these are removed after a few days, and generally replaced with a sweat band.

Sutures remain on the ear attachment area for about 2 weeks after the procedure. In some cases, patients need to get them removed, but the use of dissolvable stitches is common and allows the patient to have a natural recovery. After ear pinning surgery, faint scars appear on the back of the ear, fading with time.

In very rare cases, ear protrude appears only in one ear. In those cases, surgeons often recommend reshaping both ears for better balance of the face features. Surgeons evaluate patients in the initial meeting, so they will recommend the best technique for each individual case.

Blepharoplasty is a cosmetic surgical procedure intended to remove fat from the upper and lower eyelids. This procedure is commonly known as eyelid surgery, and can improve one’s appearance significantly. Philosophers said that eyes are the windows of the soul. If this appreciation is accurate, drooping upper lids are like a second-class window to look at.

Dropping upper lids are often accompanied by excess skin and muscle, causing a sad facial expression, if not looking older and tired. This problem is aggravated when patients develop puffy bags below their eyes. Many people believe that this is an aging natural condition, but there is no reason to accept it when eyelid surgery can correct the problem with a simple procedure.

Besides, fat, tissue and muscle accumulated through time, may interfere with vision. Eyelid surgery remove these elements off your eyes contour, but will not remove wrinkles, crow’s feet or dark circles under the eyes. Asian people may have an upper eyelid crease after the surgery, however, the operation will not erase or modify ethnic characteristics.

Depending on the severity of the dropping upper lid, surgeons may recommend a facelift or browlift along with eyelid surgery. The best candidates for eyelid surgery are those individuals whose skin is obscuring the natural fold of the upper lids, with excess skin, bags and puffy dark circles under the eyes.

People with loose skin hanging down from the upper eyelids, making their eyes look tired can have their problems corrected with a eyelid surgery procedure, which generally last from 1 to 3 hours. Like most surgical procedures, there are a few risks of side effects, including tightness of lids and temporary discomfort with bruising and swelling.

Some individuals may experience excessive tearing, or temporary dryness with burning sensation and itching of eyes. There is also a chance of developing sensitivity to light, impaired vision, and swelling for a few weeks after surgery. In some cases, surgeons may recommend chemical peeling or laser resurfacing procedures after eyelid surgery, in order to smooth problems such as crow’s feet.

Patients must also be aware of possible risks such as bleeding, infection, temporary double vision, or difficulty in closing their eyes. In very rare and extreme cases, blindness. Eyelid surgery provide patients with long-lasting results, but on an individual basis, they may be affected by lifestyle factors or hereditary conditions.

Eyelid surgery is performed under local anesthesia, but general sedation can be applied at patients’ request or surgeons advice. In addition, people must return to their surgeon’s office for follow-up care and results evaluation. This follow up is prescribed to each patient individually and frequency of the intervals of time vary for individual to individual.

Immediately after eyelid surgery, patients are closely monitored for vision problems, which is the mayor concern when it comes to correcting drooping skin on the upper lids. However, the initial blurry vision after the procedure is the result of the ointments used during the operation for soothing and protecting the eyes’ area.

One of the most commonly practiced cosmetic surgical procedure is facelifts. For decades, aging has been a common concern as well among people of all sexes and races, and Rhytidectomy, the technical name for facelift is the solution to correct problems that come with age, exposure to the sun, and the stresses of life.

With aging, effects of gravity can be seen as wrinkles on the face, dry skin, dropping upper eyelids, overall muscle flaccidity, and other signs. Facelifts improve firmness, and muscle tone by removing the excess fat and redraping the skin. Most surgeons recommend this procedure when there are more than two facial problems requiring an intervention, but also for long-lasting results.

Results of facelift procedures last from 5 to 10 years, enhancing appearance, self-confidence and esteem. Rhytidectomy is recommended for women and men over 40, and those younger who are exposed to extreme weather conditions, sun or environments causing dry skin and/or severe wrinkles. In fact, adolescents can undergo this surgery when it is needed for any reason.

Facelifts restore youthful appearance, after a complex procedure that takes several hours to be performed. As it occurs, with other facial procedures, patients may undergo surgery with local anesthesia or general sedation. After surgery, some patients may require a short stay under observation, but most people go back home immediately and return to work within the next 2 or 3 weeks.

Although people look younger after facelifts, candidates for this surgery should keep realistic expectations. Skin which is severely damaged by aging will improve its appearance but will not recover the characteristics of teen age skin, and after surgery it is necessary to limit sun exposure for several months to avoid new wrinkles or undesirable pigmentation.

Facelift procedures has different variations, including deep plane lift, mid facelift, and thread lift. Difference between them depends on the type of incision, area of the face, number of tissue layers to be treated during the facelift, and invasiveness of the procedure. In all cases, common side effects are temporary numbness, swelling, bruising, and tenderness of the skin.

Many people may experience dry skin and a tight feeling all over the face, while men could expect hair growth behind their ears, as result of the skin repositioned at beard-growing. Although there are few risks associated with facelifts, bleeding, infection and poor healing are the most commonly expected. In a few cases injury to the nerves that control facial muscles may occur, temporary or permanently.

Aesthetic problems are common to defective facelifts procedures, and may include excessive scarring and change or asymmetry in hairline. When patients have varying facial conditions, surgeons may recommend different surgeries for each area to avoid these problems or other risks or side effects.

In normal conditions, scars resulting from a facelift are usually hidden by people’s hair or blended in the natural creases of the ears and face, although scars in all surgical and non-surgical circumstances tend to fade with time. After surgery, the face looks pale and bruised as normal a post-operative condition, but after a few weeks people can enjoy their new youthful appearance for many years.

Facial cosmetic surgery procedures involve not only the face of an individual, but also ears, chin and neck. Although facial plastic surgery is a procedure alone, sometimes it is confused with other facial cosmetic treatments such as chemical exfoliation and dermabrasion. However, depending on the facial area to be treated, facial plastic surgery may take on different names.

The most common and popular facial plastic surgery is rhinoplasty or nose surgery, performed most of the time for aesthetic purposes, but sometimes as a reconstructive procedure after severe injury of the nose, or correcting health problems. Neck lift is another popular procedure, and the choice of people who want to improve their appearance without undergoing a total facelift.

A large number of facial plastic surgeries are intended for recovering a more youthful appearance, erasing wrinkles, tighten facial and neck muscles, and diminishing other facial expression marks. All facial plastic surgery procedures are regulated by the American Academy of Facial, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (AAFPRS), the world’s largest association of facial plastic and reconstructive surgeons.

Blepharoplasty, or more commonly known as eyelid surgery is another type of facial plastic surgery, mostly intended for removing fat and excess skin and muscle from the upper and lower eyelids, as plastic surgery on ear lobes is generally performed for cosmetic and aesthetic purposes.

In all cases, the best candidates for facial plastic surgery are healthy women and men with realistic expectations and psychologically stable. Even when facial procedures can be performed in all individuals, disregarding their age, overall facelift is recommended for people who are 35 or older. Other specific facial surgery, such as rhinoplasty, can be performed at any age.

Among such specific procedures, lips augmentation has been one of the most popular during the last two decades, and perhaps the easier to perform. Improving the appearance of the lips enhancing sexual confidence and self-confidence. Facial plastic surgeries like this, may offer two options: injections or implants.

Surgical procedures performed in the surgeon’s office with injections, and requiring only topical anesthesia so often patients are sent home the same day. The common substances injected are artecoll, autologen, collagen, dermalogen, hylaform, and restylane, although many surgeons prefer injecting fascia or fat which comes from patients, generally after liposuction.

Implants depend on the facial area to be treated, and patients receive local anesthesia, unless general sedation be discussed with the surgeon before undergoing the procedure. Also depending on the surgical complexity, people may be sent home the same day, or require a nights stay at a hospital.

Material used for facial plastic surgery implants may include alloderm, a type of collagen sheets created from deceased humans which is a temporary fix, lasting up to twelve months. Implants can be also made with Fat grafting or local flap grafts, both coming form your own body, as well as synthetic implants such as SoftForm, soft ePTFE, and Gore-Tex.

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Eyebrows contribute to face expression, but the first signs of aging often occurs in the forehead, changing its contour and revealing the first wrinkles that sometimes are the result not of time, but caused by dry skin or excessive gesticulation. Whatever the reason, when wrinkles occur a forehead surgery is a convenient procedure for obtaining a more refreshed appearance.

Forehead and brow lift are often performed in conjunction with diverse rejuvenating procedures, although some people simply want a cosmetic change in the line of eyebrows, only achieved by means of surgery when it comes to correcting a dropping trace. In certain inherit conditions forehead surgery is performed disregarding the age of the patient.

However, forehead and brow lift surgeries are commonly performed in people who want to look youthful, improving furrows and horizontal lines distorting facial expression. Sagging or low position of the eyebrows can make believe that a person is sad, tired or angry. Browse lift remove or alter muscles and tissues causing such expression, minimizing frown lines and raising the eyebrows.

Although anyone can be a candidate for this procedure when lines or dropping occur, the procedure is more suitable for people whose age range between 40 and 60 years, or those individuals who have deep horizontal creases across their forehead. Forehead/brow lift can dramatically improve visible effects of aging.

Forehead lift, brow lift, blepharoplasty (eyelid surgery) and facelift are often performed for best results when there is significant skin overhanging the upper eyelids which contribute to the tired appearance. Forehead lift alone is mostly recommended when the only change to facial features are furrows and frown lines between the eyebrows and/or across the top of the nose

Surgeons will discuss with patients the best method for each particular case, although in general terms the procedure is performed by means of an incision, which is hidden behind the hairline. However, forehead and brow lift can be performed using endoscopy techniques to reduce incisions, especially in bald people or those individuals with a receding hairline.

Even when a forehead/brow lift improves the appearance by smoothing the forehead skin, the duration of the results depends on lifestyle and heredity factors, because this procedure does not stop the natural aging process, although this surgery can be performed again after the passing of time without any complication, except the common risk of surgeries.

Forehead lift causes no complications or side effect, except for very few rare cases, in which case bleeding and infection are the common risks. There is also a potential risk of damaging the nerves that control eyebrow movement, but if the procedure is performed by a qualified plastic surgeon it is not probable that will occur.

When eyebrow nerves are injured, the individual may lose his/her ability to wrinkle the forehead or raise the eyebrows, although this problem can be corrected with another surgery. For a few days after surgery, loss of sensations is common along the forehead and the incision area, where hair loss may also occur as a temporary condition.

Prominent lips were sometimes unwanted characteristic of Black and tribal people often satirized, but a racial concern for a long time. Later, luscious lips were the trade mark of most popular movies sex symbols, associated with the term “kissable lips”. For a number of reasons, lip augmentation became a popular cosmetic procedure over time.

In the 1980s, new techniques and fillers caused the boom lasting until the present. Women of all ages and races sought fuller, plumper lips to improve their appearance and reduce fine wrinkles around the mouth. Sensual lips are not limited to females so it is not strange that some men undergo this procedure, although with different approach in lips’ shape and size.

The most common filler is collagen, which must be injected by a certified surgeon. Due to the simple procedure, it is usual that some beauty parlors and clinics offer lip augmentation without meeting the requirements of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) or the American Board of Plastic Surgery (ABPS).

Even when a sensual look is the most wanting result for lip augmentation, aging is another reason to undergo this procedure. Facial muscle movement, sun exposure and effects of gravity change the size and shape of lips through the years, hence injectable fillers may be used alone or around a facelift or resurfacing procedure.

There are several natural or synthetic biocompatible materials for lip augmentation. Collagen is a popular filler, but surgeons prefer the patients own fat or an implant for long-lasting results, since most injections improve the appearance of lips temporarily, requiring periodic refills. Implants are made of similar materials but inserted into the lips through microscopic incisions.

AlloDerm is the usual implant chosen by surgeons and patients alike, consisting of a natural collagen sheet made from donated skin. Other implants are often questioned due to its nature, particularly those made from skin of deceased people. Other synthetic materials also produce longer results, such as soft ePTFE, SoftForm and Gore-Tex.

For Lip augmentation there is a number of injectable materials to choose from: autologen, dermalogen, fascia, hylaform, radiance, and restylane, which is a crystal-clear gel very close to that naturally found in the body. Prominent, well defined lips produce a youthful, healthy look, and the procedure that can be complemented with filling full, high cheeks.

Collagen popularity comes from the easy application, but this is the filler with the shorter result, requiring a new injection every 9 to 12 weeks, with the risk of scarring effects after too many applications. In addition, some people may have allergic reactions to collagen, other fillers, or lidocaine, the local anesthetic applied for lip augmentation.

In some cases, surgeons can recommend another technique: laser lip rejuvenation. This procedure allows the surgeon to tighten natural elastic tissue and collagen beneath the patient’s lips. However, all injectable cosmetic procedures bring temporary results, as materials are metabolized by the body with the passing of time.

After lip augmentation, people can resume their normal activity immediately, and only a few individuals experience mild bruising, swelling, or redness around the lips.

There is a rare condition in which male’s breast tissue enlarges significantly, developing breasts similar in size and shape that those of women. This problem is known as Gynecomastia, a Greek term meaning “woman” (gyne) and “breast” (mastos). Although, the causes of this alteration are unknown, the condition occurs more often in neonates, adolescents, and elderly men.

Male breast reduction is not recommended in adolescents since they may suffer Pubertal Gynecomastia, a condition that make their breasts shrink and disappear after a few years. Many male children and teenagers have larger breasts as a result of obesity which will return to their normal size after weight loss.

It is believed that breast enlargement in men are the results of sex hormone imbalances and tissue responsiveness to hormones. Approximately 40 to 60% of all men have developed some form of Gynecomastia in one breast or both breasts. Although, many doctors recommend drugs specially designed to reduce this problem, an easy male breast reduction surgery can save them from embarrassment in shorter time.

Male breast reduction surgery removes fat from the men’s breasts, although sometimes it is pure glandular tissue the factor that overdevelops their breasts, along with excess skin in less common cases. In some of them, men develop woman-like breasts after being prescribed hormone treatments

Pectoral adipose tissue is cut out with a scalpel. Depending on each individual case, the procedure can be performed alone or in conjunction with liposuction to remove all the fat. In fact, surgery can be reduced to a simple liposuction when breasts are the result of excessive fatty tissue, in which case, a small incision is made around the edge of the areola.

Both the excision and liposuction may cause discomfort for a few days following a male breast reduction surgery, which is often alleviated with medication prescribed by the plastic surgeon. Because breast enlargement in men could cause teasing and social trauma, Surgeons encourage men to take action and get rid of the problem.

Male breast reduction enhance men’s appearance and self-confidence. However, this procedure is not intended for body building, just reducing the size of the breast to recover their original flat dimension. People who want to change the shape of their chest should discuss with the surgeon other options apart from this operation.

Furthermore, obese men should not consider Male breast reduction as the easiest solution for their overweight problems. Because morbid obesity makes it harder to diagnose Gynecomastia, patients should discuss the problem with both a surgeon and a health care provider specialized in obesity.

Men with elastic, firm, skin and average weight, are the best candidates for undergoing this procedure. People can return to works in a few days after surgery, but is usually advised to avoid sexual activity for a week or two. Men must also avoid sun for the following six months or so, in order to avoid the ultraviolet rays that may cause permanent damage to the skin pigmentation of scars resulting from the procedure.